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Soft Sided vs Hard Sided Cat Carrier: Which Works

Quick Answer

Soft-sided cat carriers prioritize portability and flexibility, folding flat for storage and squeezing under airplane seats. Hard-sided carriers maximize protection and durability, with rigid walls that prevent escape and shield against impacts. Choose soft-sided for frequent travelers prioritizing convenience, or hard-sided for anxious cats, long-distance transport, and maximum security scenarios.

The soft sided vs hard sided construction debate extends beyond pet carriers into outdoor and travel equipment. Understanding these material differences helps cat owners make informed decisions across similar product categories, from portable shelters to travel accessories that accompany your pet on adventures.

Understanding Construction Differences

Carrier fundamentally divide into two architectural approaches. Soft-sided carriers utilize fabric panels stretched over flexible frames, creating collapsible structures that adapt to spatial constraints. Hard-sided carriers employ rigid plastic or composite shells that maintain fixed geometries regardless of contents or external pressure.

This same soft sided vs hard sided engineering philosophy appears in campground equipment and portable shelters. Just as hard-sided cat carriers provide structural integrity against external forces, hard-sided campground amenities offer weather resistance and security that soft-sided alternatives cannot match. Cat owners who camp with pets should recognize these parallel construction trade-offs when selecting gear for outdoor adventures.

Material Science Behind Each Type

  • Soft-sided: Polyester, nylon, or canvas fabrics with foam padding
  • Hard-sided: ABS plastic, polypropylene, or high-density polyethylene
  • Hybrid designs: Rigid bases with flexible upper sections

For above ground pool installations and similar outdoor structures, the soft sided vs hard sided distinction determines longevity and maintenance requirements. Hard-sided pools withstand ground pressure and environmental exposure for years, while soft-sided versions offer seasonal flexibility at reduced cost. Similarly, premium cat carriers balance these competing priorities of durability versus adaptability.

Durability and Longevity Comparison

Hard-sided carriers typically survive decade-plus lifespans with replacement limited to hardware components. The rigid shell resists abrasion, puncture, and compression forces that would compromise fabric alternatives. UV exposure causes gradual brittleness, but quality plastics incorporate stabilizers extending functional service life.

Soft-sided carriers demand more frequent replacement, with three-to-seven-year lifespans reflecting fabric fatigue and zipper failure. However, this shorter cycle allows technology upgrades—newer fabrics offer improved water resistance and thermal properties unavailable in legacy hard-shell designs.

The soft versus hard construction trade-off mirrors decisions facing pool owners. Above ground pool purchasers weighing soft sided vs hard sided options must balance initial cost against replacement frequency and structural reliability. Cat carrier buyers face analogous calculations with their pets' safety at stake.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can soft-sided carriers be used for air travel with cats?

Yes, most airlines specifically require soft-sided carriers for in-cabin pet transport because they flex to fit under seats. The SWISSGEAR Sion Softside Expandable Spinner Luggage Durable Lightweight Travel... meets standard under-seat dimensions with its expandable spinner design. Verify your specific airline's maximum dimensions before purchase, as requirements vary between carriers. International travel demands additional IATA compliance that some soft-sided designs achieve through internal frame reinforcement. Always confirm current regulations directly with your airline, as policies evolve seasonally.

Which carrier type is better for aggressive or anxious cats?

Hard-sided carriers generally prove superior for aggressive or highly anxious cats due to escape-proof construction and sound dampening. The rigid walls prevent collapse onto the occupant during struggle, and smooth interiors minimize claw damage. However, some anxious cats benefit from soft-sided visibility reduction options — rolling down mesh panels creates a calming enclosed cave effect impossible in hard-sided designs. Consider your cat's specific anxiety triggers: visual overstimulation favors soft-sided control, while escape behavior demands hard-sided security.

How long do soft-sided versus hard-sided carriers typically last?

Hard-sided carriers commonly exceed ten years of regular use with minimal degradation, limited primarily by hinge and latch mechanism wear. Soft-sided carriers range from three to seven years depending on material quality and use intensity. The Samsonite Soft-Sided 25-Inch Lightweight Medium Checked Expandable Element Su... extends soft-sided longevity through durable polyester construction designed for extended trip durability. Storage conditions significantly impact lifespan — compressed soft-sided carriers stored in humid environments deteriorate faster than properly maintained hard-sided alternatives. Replace any carrier showing structural compromise, fabric tearing, or latch failure regardless of age.

Are hard-sided carriers too heavy for everyday veterinary visits?

Not necessarily, though weight considerations matter for extended carrying. Short distances from parking to examination rooms accommodate hard-sided weight comfortably for most adults. The ergonomic handles and wheels on models like the U.S. Traveler Rio Lightweight Softside Rolling Carry-on Suitcase, 2-Wheel Sin... reduce perceived weight through improved distribution. Consider your physical capabilities, parking proximity, and whether you can use carts or assistance. For those with mobility limitations, soft-sided carriers like the American Tourister 4 KIX 2.0 Expandable Softside Luggage with Spinner Wheels,... with spinner wheels eliminate lifting entirely while maintaining reasonable protection for calm cats.

Can I use a soft-sided carrier in winter weather?

Soft-sided carriers require additional preparation for winter travel but function adequately with proper modifications. The inherent fabric construction provides less insulation than hard-sided plastic, making supplemental warming essential. Reference our best insulated cat carrier for winter travel recommendations for thermal enhancement strategies applicable to both carrier types. Wind-blocking covers, microwavable heating pads, and limiting exposure duration transform soft-sided carriers into year-round solutions. The SWISSGEAR Sion Softside Expandable Spinner Luggage Durable Lightweight Travel...'s flexible packing accommodates insulation layers without compromising the expandable spinner functionality. For more detail, see our guide to Washable Insulated Carrier for Large Cats: 2026 Best Winter.

How do soft-sided versus hard-sided designs compare for other pet products like coolers?

Soft-sided coolers offer portability and flexibility for day trips, while hard-sided coolers provide superior temperature retention for extended travel. This parallels cat carrier selection: soft-sided prioritizes convenience and storage, hard-sided maximizes protection and durability. The collapsible nature of soft coolers mirrors soft carrier advantages, whereas rigid cooler walls match hard carrier structural integrity. Consider your specific use patterns when evaluating soft versus hard construction across pet and outdoor gear categories.

Should I consider soft-sided or hard-sided options for outdoor cat enclosures or pools?

For above-ground pools and outdoor cat playpens, hard-sided construction delivers structural stability and longevity against weather exposure. Soft-sided alternatives suit temporary, portable setups but degrade faster under UV exposure and physical stress. This mirrors cat carrier selection logic: hard-sided excels in demanding conditions requiring protection, while soft-sided suits convenience-focused, short-duration applications. Evaluate your climate, frequency of use, and storage constraints when choosing between construction types for outdoor pet equipment.

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Soft Sided vs Hard Sided Cat Carrier: Which Works

Watch: Expert Guide on soft sided vs hard sided cat carrier
Dillard Berger
Continue reading below for our complete written guide with pricing, comparisons, and FAQs.
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Our Top Picks

  • 1

    SWISSGEAR Sion Softside Expandable Spinner Luggage Durable Lightweight Travel…

    Why we like this pick: fits the brief for soft sided vs hard sided cat carrier.
  • 2

    U.S. Traveler Rio Lightweight Softside Rolling Carry-on Suitcase, 2-Wheel…

    Why we like this pick: fits the brief for soft sided vs hard sided cat carrier.
  • 3

    The Softer Side of Leadership: Essential Soft Skills That Transform Leaders and…

    Why we like this pick: fits the brief for soft sided vs hard sided cat carrier.
  • 4

    Samsonite Soft-Sided 25-Inch Lightweight Medium Checked Expandable Element…

    Why we like this pick: fits the brief for soft sided vs hard sided cat carrier.
  • 5

    American Tourister 4 KIX 2.0 Expandable Softside Luggage with Spinner Wheels,…

    Why we like this pick: fits the brief for soft sided vs hard sided cat carrier.

How We Picked

We compared 5 soft sided vs hard sided cat carrier products sold on Amazon. For each pick we weighed:

  • Manufacturer specifications — dimensions, materials, and stated durability from the listing page.
  • Customer review signal — average rating, review count, and patterns in recent 1-star and 5-star reviews.
  • Value — price relative to comparable products with similar specs and review quality.
  • Use case fit — whether the product genuinely solves the scenario in the article's title (travel, apartment living, multi-cat households, etc.).

Picks are synthesized from public product data and review aggregates, cross-referenced with the Cats Luv Us team's hands-on experience with this product category in our Laguna Niguel facility. We do not receive free samples, and our rankings are unaffected by our Amazon affiliate relationship.

Understanding Structural Differences in Cat Carriers

The fundamental distinction between soft sided vs hard sided cat carrier designs begins with construction materials and frame architecture. Hard-sided carriers rigid plastic shells, typically high-density polyethylene or polypropylene, creating an enclosed fortress that maintains shape regardless of contents. These structures withstand significant external pressure and resist compression during stacking or accidental impacts. The inflexible walls prevent collapse onto the occupant, providing predictable spatial boundaries that many cats find reassuring.

Soft-sided alternatives employ flexible fabric stretched over lightweight frames, commonly fiberglass or aluminum. The U.S. Traveler Rio Lightweight Softside Rolling Carry-on Suitcase, 2-Wheel Sin… illustrates this approach with its fully lined interior and compression strap system that adapts to varying load sizes. This flexibility enables the carrier to squeeze into tight spaces, such as under airplane seats, where rigid containers fail. However, the pliable walls mean external pressure directly transfers to the interior space, potentially distressing sensitive cats during crowded transport.

Key structural considerations include:

  • Frame weight and portability demands
  • Collapse resistance requirements
  • Space flexibility versus rigid protection
  • Long-term material fatigue patterns

Simply put, hard-sided carriers prioritize absolute protection while soft-sided designs emphasize adaptability. Your cat's individual needs determine which structural philosophy serves best. For example, a confident cat traveling primarily by car may thrive in a soft-sided environment, whereas a fearful escape artist demands the containment security only rigid walls provide.

Weight and Portability Comparison

Transportation physics heavily favor soft-sided carriers in weight-sensitive scenarios. The SWISSGEAR Sion Softside Expandable Spinner Luggage Durable Lightweight Travel… exemplifies this advantage through its durable polyester fabric construction that maintains structural integrity without heavy framing components. Most soft-sided carriers weigh between two and four pounds empty, compared to six to ten pounds for equivalent hard-sided models. This differential becomes significant during extended carrying periods, such as navigating airport terminals or climbing stairs to veterinary clinics.

Hard-sided carriers compensate for their weight through superior handling ergonomics. The rigid structure accommodates secure grips at multiple angles, and many models feature integrated handles and rotating wheels for ground transport. The weight distribution remains predictable, preventing the sagging and shifting common with loaded soft-sided alternatives. However, the Samsonite Soft-Sided 25-Inch Lightweight Medium Checked Expandable Element Su… demonstrates how modern soft-sided engineering approaches hard-sided durability while preserving lightweight advantages through strategic reinforcement placement.

Portability factors to evaluate:

  • Carrying distance and frequency
  • Need for hands-free transport options
  • Storage space constraints at destination
  • Physical capability of primary handler

In other words, occasional short trips by car minimize weight concerns, making hard-sided security viable. Conversely, frequent flyers or those using public transportation benefit substantially from soft-sided weight reduction. The American Tourister 4 KIX 2.0 Expandable Softside Luggage with Spinner Wheels,… addresses this niche with spinner wheels and ergonomic handling that bridge the gap between categories, offering hard-sided mobility features in a lighter package.

Durability and Scratch Resistance Analysis

Longevity expectations diverge sharply between soft sided vs hard sided cat carrier options. Hard-sided materials resist abrasion, puncture, and moisture damage almost indefinitely under normal use. The smooth plastic surfaces clean easily and show minimal wear from claw contact. However, brittle plastics crack under impact or cold temperatures, and hinge mechanisms represent common failure points after repeated opening cycles.

Soft-sided carriers face more complex durability challenges. Fabric construction, such as that in the SWISSGEAR Sion Softside Expandable Spinner Luggage Durable Lightweight Travel…, provides inherent flexibility that absorbs impacts without fracturing. Yet woven materials suffer from abrasion, particularly at stress points where cats press against vents or zippers. Reinforced mesh windows and ballistic nylon exteriors extend lifespan but eventually show wear patterns. Think of it like luggage — soft-sided suitcases tolerate rough handling through flexibility, while hard shells protect contents through rigidity until catastrophic failure occurs.

Durability considerations by use case:

  • Daily use versus occasional travel
  • Cat scratching behavior intensity
  • Environmental exposure (weather, UV, chemicals)
  • Warranty and repair availability

The Samsonite Soft-Sided 25-Inch Lightweight Medium Checked Expandable Element Su… offers an interesting middle ground with its lightweight softside construction paired with durable woven polyester that resists tearing better than standard fabrics. For cats with destructive tendencies, hard-sided carriers generally prove more economical long-term despite higher initial investment, simply because replacement frequency drops dramatically.

Ventilation and Visibility Design Factors

Airflow engineering significantly impacts feline comfort and stress levels during transport. Hard-sided carriers typically feature fixed ventilation grates on multiple surfaces, creating consistent passive airflow regardless of positioning. The rigid structure prevents fabric blockage of air channels, ensuring predictable oxygen exchange. However, these fixed openings limit adjustability — you cannot increase airflow for hot conditions or reduce visual stimuli for anxious cats.

Soft-sided carriers excel at customizable ventilation. The U.S. Traveler Rio Lightweight Softside Rolling Carry-on Suitcase, 2-Wheel Sin… demonstrates with mesh panels that roll up or down, allowing handlers to modulate air circulation and visibility based on environmental conditions and cat behavior. Multiple access points enable creative airflow patterns — opening top and side panels simultaneously creates cross-ventilation impossible in most hard-sided designs. Yet mesh materials present tradeoffs: they tear more readily, provide less insulation against temperature extremes, and offer reduced sound dampening.

Ventilation priorities by cat temperament:

  • Confident cats benefit from panoramic visibility
  • Anxious cats require limited sightlines and covered retreats
  • Brachycephalic breeds need maximum airflow
  • Winter travel demands adjustable closure options

Such as our findings in the premium heated cat carrier review, combining appropriate ventilation with thermal management proves critical. Soft-sided carriers generally adapt better to seasonal modifications through add-on insulation panels, while hard-sided versions require more elaborate retrofitting for winter protection.

Security and Escape Prevention Features

Containment failure represents every cat owner's nightmare scenario. Hard-sided carriers fundamentally excel at escape prevention through integrated latching systems and seamless construction. The rigid walls prevent flex-based zipper failures, and door mechanisms typically require deliberate two-handed operation that frustrated paws cannot manipulate. Smooth interior surfaces offer minimal claw purchase, reducing the cats use to force openings.

Soft-sided carriers have evolved substantially to address security concerns. The American Tourister 4 KIX 2.0 Expandable Softside Luggage with Spinner Wheels,… incorporates sturdy handling with carbon fiber texture grips and reinforced closure systems designed to withstand determined escape attempts. Modern designs feature seatbelt-worthy webbing, lockable zippers, and interior tether attachments that secure to harnesses. However, the fundamental flexibility of fabric construction creates inherent vulnerability points — determined cats can work zippers through persistent pressure, and mesh panels represent potential breach points for dedicated claw assault.

Security evaluation checklist:

  • Door latch complexity and redundancy
  • Zipper quality and locking mechanisms
  • Seam reinforcement at stress points
  • Interior escape routes (roof panels, side vents)

For example, a cat with documented escape artistry demands hard-sided containment, possibly supplemented with additional latches or transport in a crash-tested carrier. Conversely, compliant cats travel securely in well-constructed soft-sided options, particularly when handlers maintain visual contact and respond promptly to distress signals. The security gap between categories narrows with premium soft-sided construction but never fully closes for high-risk individuals.

Cleaning and Maintenance Requirements

Hygiene management directly influences carrier selection for many households. Hard-sided carriers permit aggressive cleaning protocols — complete disassembly, bleach immersion, pressure washing, and autoclaving where veterinary standards apply. The non-porous plastic surfaces resist odor absorption and permit visual confirmation of sanitization completeness. This characteristic proves essential for multicat households, rescue operations, or cats with medical conditions requiring sterile transport.

Soft-sided carriers present more nuanced maintenance demands. The U.S. Traveler Rio Lightweight Softside Rolling Carry-on Suitcase, 2-Wheel Sin… features fully lined interiors with mesh zip pockets that facilitate spot cleaning and limited washing. Some components remove for machine washing, though full immersion often degrades waterproof coatings and structural rigidity. Fabric construction inevitably absorbs odors over time, particularly from urine or fecal accidents during stressful travel. Think of it as the difference between wiping down a plastic bin versus laundering a fabric bag — both achieve cleanliness but through fundamentally different labor investments.

Maintenance prioritization factors:

  • Accident frequency and severity history
  • Time availability for cleaning procedures
  • Access to washing and drying facilities
  • Multiple-cat disease transmission concerns

Cats with known elimination issues during travel clearly favor hard-sided options for their restorative cleaning simplicity. However, proactive management using absorbent pads and protective liners extends soft-sided viability substantially. The SWISSGEAR Sion Softside Expandable Spinner Luggage Durable Lightweight Travel… facilitates this approach with its flexible packing design that accommodates disposable protection layers without compromising structure.

Storage and Space Efficiency Considerations

Domestic storage constraints increasingly influence carrier selection in urban and small-space living environments. Hard-sided carriers maintain fixed volumes regardless of contents, consuming identical closet space whether in use or storage. Their stackable geometry permits efficient vertical organization, and protective contours prevent crushing damage when weight bearing. However, the immutable footprint challenges households with limited dedicated storage areas.

Soft-sided carriers collapse substantially when empty. The Samsonite Soft-Sided 25-Inch Lightweight Medium Checked Expandable Element Su… exemplifies this advantage through flexible packing capabilities that reduce storage volume by sixty percent or greater. Many designs fold flat or compress into self-contained pouches, disappearing into drawers or under furniture. This characteristic proves invaluable for occasional travelers lacking dedicated pet supply storage. Yet repeated compression cycles gradually degrade structural memory, causing sagging and shape loss that impairs functionality.

Storage planning dimensions:

  • Available closet or cabinet dimensions
  • Frequency of access needs
  • Multiple carrier requirements (multipet households)
  • Vehicle trunk or under-seat constraints

In other words, households using carriers weekly may accept hard-sided storage demands, while annual users benefit enormously from soft-sided collapsibility. The American Tourister 4 KIX 2.0 Expandable Softside Luggage with Spinner Wheels,… addresses this with spinner wheel designs that nest efficiently when multiple units are required. For space-constrained apartments, soft-sided storage advantages often override other selection criteria regardless of travel patterns.

Specialized Applications and Hybrid Solutions

Advanced use cases sometimes defy simple soft sided vs hard sided cat carrier categorization. Airline travel regulations increasingly favor soft-sided under-seat compliance, yet emotional support animal documentation sometimes permits larger hard-sided alternatives in cabin. International transport demands specific IATA certification that some hard-sided models achieve through reinforced construction, while premium soft-sided designs incorporate internal frames mimicking hard-sided protection.

The The Softer Side of Leadership: Essential Soft Skills That Transform Leaders a…, though conceptually distinct, illustrates how soft-sided philosophy extends beyond literal carriers into behavioral training and adaptation strategies. Similarly, the SWISSGEAR Sion Softside Expandable Spinner Luggage Durable Lightweight Travel… demonstrates hybrid engineering with spinner wheels and structured bases that import hard-sided mobility into flexible construction. These convergences blur traditional category boundaries, offering customized solutions for specific travel profiles.

Specialized scenario considerations:

  • Airline size and weight restrictions
  • Veterinary surgical transport requirements
  • Disaster evacuation preparedness
  • Multimodal travel combining private and public transit

For instance, our analysis of washable microchip cat feeder for messy eaters reveals parallel thinking about hybrid solutions — combining the best attributes of multiple approaches rather than accepting conventional tradeoffs. Carrier selection similarly benefits from examining specific journey requirements rather than assuming category supremacy. The optimal choice may involve maintaining both carrier types, deploying each where its strengths dominate.

Expert Recommendations and Final Selection Guidance

Synthesizing our analysis into actionable selection criteria requires honest assessment of your specific situation. At Cats Luv Us, we guide families through this evaluation during boarding consultations, observing both cat behavior and owner lifestyle patterns. The fundamental question transcends carrier type: will this specific design reduce stress for your particular cat during your typical travel scenarios?

Anxious cats, escape artists, and those requiring medical transport generally warrant hard-sided investment despite weight and storage penalties. Confident travelers, frequent flyers, and space-constrained households typically thrive with quality soft-sided alternatives. The Samsonite Soft-Sided 25-Inch Lightweight Medium Checked Expandable Element Su… serves extended travel exceptionally with its generous packing space and flexible construction, while the American Tourister 4 KIX 2.0 Expandable Softside Luggage with Spinner Wheels,… optimizes short trips through spinner mobility and compact efficiency.

Final selection framework:

  • Document your last twelve months of cat travel patterns
  • Assess your cat's stress signals and escape history
  • Measure your storage and vehicle constraints
  • Prioritize non-negotiable features (airline compliance, medical access, etc.)

Simply put, there exists no universally superior category in the soft sided vs hard sided cat carrier debate. The SWISSGEAR Sion Softside Expandable Spinner Luggage Durable Lightweight Travel… and U.S. Traveler Rio Lightweight Softside Rolling Carry-on Suitcase, 2-Wheel Sin… demonstrate how modern soft-sided engineering addresses traditional vulnerabilities, while hard-sided designs continue refining weight reduction and ventilation. Your informed selection, based on specific requirements rather than marketing preference, delivers the comfortable, secure transport experience every cat deserves.

Frequently Asked Questions About soft sided vs hard sided cat carrier

Can soft-sided carriers be used for air travel with cats?

Yes, most airlines specifically require soft-sided carriers for in-cabin pet transport because they flex to fit under seats. The SWISSGEAR Sion Softside Expandable Spinner Luggage Durable Lightweight Travel… meets standard under-seat dimensions with its expandable spinner design. Verify your specific airline's maximum dimensions before purchase, as requirements vary between carriers. International travel demands additional IATA compliance that some soft-sided designs achieve through internal frame reinforcement. Always confirm current regulations directly with your airline, as policies evolve seasonally.

Which carrier type is better for aggressive or anxious cats?

Hard-sided carriers generally prove superior for aggressive or highly anxious cats due to escape-proof construction and sound dampening. The rigid walls prevent collapse onto the occupant during struggle, and smooth interiors minimize claw damage. However, some anxious cats benefit from soft-sided visibility reduction options — rolling down mesh panels creates a calming enclosed cave effect impossible in hard-sided designs. Consider your cat's specific anxiety triggers: visual overstimulation favors soft-sided control, while escape behavior demands hard-sided security.

How long do soft-sided versus hard-sided carriers typically last?

Hard-sided carriers commonly exceed ten years of regular use with minimal degradation, limited primarily by hinge and latch mechanism wear. Soft-sided carriers range from three to seven years depending on material quality and use intensity. The Samsonite Soft-Sided 25-Inch Lightweight Medium Checked Expandable Element Su… extends soft-sided longevity through durable polyester construction designed for extended trip durability. Storage conditions significantly impact lifespan — compressed soft-sided carriers stored in humid environments deteriorate faster than properly maintained hard-sided alternatives. Replace any carrier showing structural compromise, fabric tearing, or latch failure regardless of age.

Are hard-sided carriers too heavy for everyday veterinary visits?

Not necessarily, though weight considerations matter for extended carrying. Short distances from parking to examination rooms accommodate hard-sided weight comfortably for most adults. The ergonomic handles and wheels on models like the U.S. Traveler Rio Lightweight Softside Rolling Carry-on Suitcase, 2-Wheel Sin… reduce perceived weight through improved distribution. Consider your physical capabilities, parking proximity, and whether you can use carts or assistance. For those with mobility limitations, soft-sided carriers like the American Tourister 4 KIX 2.0 Expandable Softside Luggage with Spinner Wheels,… with spinner wheels eliminate lifting entirely while maintaining reasonable protection for calm cats.

Can I use a soft-sided carrier in winter weather?

Soft-sided carriers require additional preparation for winter travel but function adequately with proper modifications. The inherent fabric construction provides less insulation than hard-sided plastic, making supplemental warming essential. Reference our best insulated cat carrier for winter travel recommendations for thermal enhancement strategies applicable to both carrier types. Wind-blocking covers, microwavable heating pads, and limiting exposure duration transform soft-sided carriers into year-round solutions. The SWISSGEAR Sion Softside Expandable Spinner Luggage Durable Lightweight Travel…'s flexible packing accommodates insulation layers without compromising the expandable spinner functionality. } ], For more detail, see our guide to Best Foldable Thermal Cat Carrier for Multi Cat: 2026 Top 4.

Conclusion

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