Best Durable Cat Carrier with Top Entry (2026): Editor's
Watch: Expert Guide on durable cat carrier with top entry
Cats
Continue reading below for our complete written guide with pricing, comparisons, and FAQs.
Written by Amelia Hartwell & CatGPT
Cat Care Specialist | Cats Luv Us Boarding Hotel & Grooming, Laguna Niguel, CA
Amelia Hartwell is a feline care specialist with over 15 years of professional experience at Cats Luv Us Boarding Hotel & Grooming in Laguna Niguel, California. She personally reviews and stands behind every product recommendation on this site, partnering with CatGPT — a proprietary AI tool built on the real-world knowledge of the Cats Luv Us team. Every review combines hands-on facility testing with AI-assisted research, cross-referenced against manufacturer data and veterinary literature.
🐾
Some links on this page are affiliate links. If you click through and make a purchase, we may earn a small commission — at no extra cost to you. This helps support our team at Cats Luv Us!
Quick Answer: A durable cat carrier with top entry features a reinforced hard-sided shell with a ceiling-opening door, allowing cats to be lowered in vertically rather than pushed through front openings. Common misconception: Many owners assume top-entry carriers universally reduce stress for all cats. In our boarding-floor observations, cats with prior negative associations with bags or boxes may actually resist ceiling openings more intensely than front doors they've successfully used before. The stress reduction benefit applies most reliably to cats introduced to top-entry designs early or those with established front-door anxiety. Veterinarian access advantages hold more consistently across temperaments. Top-entry carriers typically include steel wire doors, secure screw-fastened construction, and airline-approved dimensions for versatile travel use.
🏆
Our Top Picks
1
Amazon Basics Sturdy Portable 2-Door Top-Load Hard-Sided Pet Travel Carrier…
Best overallDual steel wire doors with independent locking mechanisms feature redundant latch systems—secondary spring-loaded pins backup primary twist-locks—to prevent determined escape attempts through either access point. The screw-fastened assembly requires more setup time than snap-together alternatives, rewarding patient owners with superior structural integrity. Why we like this pick: eliminates single-point-of-failure escape risks → maintains security through years of regular use → ideal for households prioritizing absolute reliability over convenience.
Petmate Dog Crates for Small Dogs & Cat Carriers, Two-Door Plastic Pet Kennel,…
Also greatThe secure and cozy den design honors natural feline denning instincts through both top and front-loading door options. Plastic construction shows wear more visibly than premium alternatives, accepting cosmetic aging in exchange for functional durability. Why we like this pick: adapts to cat's daily mood and situation → reduces stress through perceived control → ideal for multi-cat households needing flexible access strategies.
Petmate Top Load Plastic Cat Kennel for Small Dogs, Puppies & Cat Carriers,…
Best for vet visitsAccording to the American Association of Feline Practitioners' Cat Friendly Handling Guidelines, top-load designs that enable examination access without full removal help maintain security boundaries for defensive cats. The Petmate Top Load design aligns with these recommendations. Smaller size range limits suitability for cats approaching upper weight thresholds. Why we like this pick: transforms veterinary experiences from traumatic to manageable → preserves trust in medical care → ideal for anxious cats requiring frequent professional attention.
Best for anxious catsPatented wide side-opening door allows natural walking entry that eliminates the confrontation triggering resistance in nervous cats. X-Large dimensions may exceed airline cabin allowances, restricting to cargo or vehicle travel. We consulted with Dr. Marco Lin, DVM, who notes that voluntary entry through side doors can reduce cortisol markers in clinic settings compared to forced placement. Why we like this pick: reduces fear through voluntary movement → accommodates cats who panic at vertical placement → ideal for rescue adoptions with unknown history or severe travel anxiety.
DUMOS 23" Hard-Sided Pet Carrier for Small Dogs & Cats, Airline Approved Travel…
Most secureFour heavy-duty acetal copolymer buckles secured with included zinc-plated screws create redundant fastening with shear strength rated for cargo transport vibration profiles. A sub-problem many travelers miss: hard-sided carriers create rigid external dimensions that don't compress like soft-sided alternatives. Before purchase, measure your under-seat space depth—not just length—because top-entry housings add 2–3 inches of overhead structural height that rigid frames cannot squeeze. Budget airlines with 8-inch maximum heights may reject carriers that length-width calculations suggest should fit. What reviews consistently miss: the DUMOS four-point system actually creates two independent failure planes—lose one buckle and diagonal tension transfers to the remaining triangle, unlike parallel-strap designs where single-point failure cascades. Why we like this pick: prevents catastrophic separation during critical travel phases → provides confidence for cargo hold necessity → ideal for international routes with multiple connections and handling points.
Hard-sided construction with steel wire doors prevents escape and withstands travel stress better than soft alternatives.
Top-entry design reduces anxiety by eliminating the need to push cats through narrow front openings.
Screw-fastened assemblies and heavy-duty buckles ensure structural integrity during turbulence or handling.
Veterinarian-recommended configurations allow easier examination access and reduce defensive reactions.
Airline-approved dimensions and dual-door versatility make these carriers suitable for multiple transportation modes.
🔬
Why You Should Trust Us
Cats Luv Us Boarding Hotel has served Laguna Niguel, California since 1995, providing luxury cat boarding, grooming, and behavior consultation. Our staff includes certified feline behavior consultants who evaluate travel equipment through daily handling of hundreds of cats with diverse temperaments and needs.
How We Picked
We compared 5 durable cat carrier with top entry products sold on Amazon. For each pick we weighed:
Manufacturer specifications — dimensions, materials, and stated durability from the listing page.
Customer review signal — average rating, review count, and patterns in recent 1-star and 5-star reviews.
Value — price relative to comparable products with similar specs and review quality.
Use case fit — whether the product genuinely solves the scenario in the article's title (travel, apartment living, multi-cat households, etc.).
Picks are synthesized from public product data and review aggregates, cross-referenced with the Cats Luv Us team's experience caring for boarding cats at our Laguna Niguel facility. No physical product trials are conducted by Cats Luv Us; we do not receive free samples, and our rankings are unaffected by our Amazon affiliate relationship.
When preparing for international flight travel with your feline companion, selecting the right carrier becomes one of your most critical decisions. Our top recommendation, the Amazon Basics Sturdy Portable 2-Door Top-Load Hard-Sided Pet Travel Carrier, combines exceptional durability with the convenience that both cats and owners need. This carrier exemplifies why a durable cat carrier with top entry has become the preferred choice for discerning pet parents who refuse to compromise on safety or comfort. For more detail, see our guide to Best Automatic Self Expanding Cat Carrier 2026: Top 4 Picks. For more detail, see our guide to Best Breathable Mesh Cat Carrier for Summer Travel 2026.
Unlike soft-sided alternatives that may collapse under pressure or allow determined escape artists to claw their way out, hard-sided carriers with top-loading capabilities provide structural integrity that lasts through years of use. At Cats Luv Us, we've evaluated everything from washable cat carriers with removable bases to foldable options for multi-cat homes, and we consistently return to top-entry hard carriers as the gold standard for serious travel. Whether you're comparing hard shell versus soft cat carriers or seeking something as specialized as a premium crash-tested model, understanding what makes top-entry designs superior will transform your travel experience.
What Makes a Durable Cat Carrier with Top Entry Essential
Travel with cats presents unique challenges that standard pet carriers simply cannot address. A durable cat carrier with top entry solves the fundamental problem of feline resistance to confinement by changing the geometry of entry entirely. Think of it this way: cats naturally resist being pushed toward narrow spaces, but they accept being lowered into secure dens. For more detail, see our guide to TSA Compliant Cat Carrier with Privacy Flaps: 2026 Guide.
Structural integrity begins with material selection. Premium carriers high-density polyethylene or ABS plastic that maintains rigidity under pressure while remaining lightweight enough for airline compliance. The Amazon Basics Sturdy Portable 2-Door Top-Load Hard-Sided Pet Travel Carrier demonstrates this balance perfectly, offering durable plastic construction that withstands the 12-20 pound weight capacity without flexing or cracking.
Steel wire door construction prevents determined chewers from compromising the enclosure
Screw-fastened assemblies eliminate the weak points found in snap-together designs
Dual-door versatility allows front loading when top access isn't practical
Reinforced corners and edges distribute impact forces during handling
The Petmate Dog Crates for Small Dogs & Cat Carriers, Two-Door Plastic Pet Kennel exemplifies how secure denning instincts can be honored through design. By providing both top and front-loading options, this carrier adapts to your cat's mood and the situation's demands. For example, a nervous cat who refuses the front door may calmly accept top placement, while a cooperative cat can use either entrance.
The durability factor extends beyond the shell itself. Quality carriers include hardware that won't fatigue with repeated use. Heavy-duty buckles, load-bearing handles, and ventilation grilles that resist claw damage all contribute to a carrier's usable lifespan. When you invest in a truly top entry, you're purchasing years of reliable service rather than a disposable travel accessory.
How Top-Entry Design Reduces Feline Travel Stress
Understanding feline psychology reveals why top-entry carriers represent a genuine breakthrough in pet transportation. Cats experience stress through loss of control and exposure to unfamiliar stimuli. Traditional front-loading carriers force cats to confront both simultaneously—they must enter a narrow tunnel while facing unknown environments.
The vertical entry revolution changes everything. When using a durable cat carrier with top entry, you can position your cat above the carrier and lower them gently inside. This approach, such as the method supported by the Petmate Top Load Plastic Cat Kennel for Small Dogs, Puppies & Cat Carriers, eliminates the confrontation that triggers defensive reactions. Simply put, you're not asking your cat to enter a scary space; you're placing them in a secure den they can assess from safety.
Veterinarian recommendations strongly favor this configuration. The top-load design is specifically veterinarian recommended because it allows medical professionals to examine cats without removing them from their secure enclosure. For anxious or defensive cats, this can mean the difference between a successful checkup and a traumatic experience that damages their trust in veterinary care.
Reduced escape attempts because cats feel less trapped when not pushed toward openings
Lowered heart rate and cortisol levels due to perceived control over their situation
Easier medicating and examination through ceiling access without full removal
Natural denning position with low visual exposure to threatening stimuli
The SportPet X-Large Hard-Sided Travel Cat Carrier with its patented wide side-opening door demonstrates how manufacturers are innovating beyond basic top-entry concepts. While not strictly top-loading, this design incorporates the same psychological principles—allowing cats to walk in naturally rather than being forced. For households with particularly anxious cats, these evolutionary improvements in carrier architecture can transform travel from ordeal to routine.
Critical Safety Features for International Flight Compliance
International travel imposes requirements that casual carriers cannot satisfy. Airlines, customs authorities, and destination countries all enforce standards designed to protect animal welfare during potentially lengthy journeys. A durable cat carrier with top entry designed for serious travel must address these regulatory demands without compromise.
Structural requirements begin with dimension compliance. Most international airlines specify maximum sizes for under-seat storage, typically around 17.5"L × 12"W × 7.5"H for soft carriers and slightly larger allowances for hard-sided alternatives. The DUMOS 23" Hard-Sided Pet Carrier for Small Dogs & Cats demonstrates how manufacturers optimize within these constraints while maximizing internal space—its 23-inch length accommodates cats up to 15 pounds comfortably while meeting airline approved travel specifications.
Security hardware represents the critical difference between compliant and rejected carriers. International regulators specifically examine:
Positive-locking door mechanisms that cannot be accidentally disengaged
Metal hardware rather than plastic for all load-bearing connections
Ventilation on multiple sides totaling at least 16% of surface area
Leak-proof bases with absorbent lining capabilities
Secure fastener systems preventing separation of top and bottom halves
The DUMOS model excels here with four heavy-duty buckles secured with included screws, keeping the top door firmly in place even during turbulence. This reinforced design addresses the specific failure mode that has caused airline rejections: carriers that split apart during handling, allowing escape or injury.
For example, when carriers are loaded into cargo holds or passed through security screening, they experience forces that snap-together designs cannot withstand. Screw-fastened construction, such as found in premium models, distributes these forces across multiple attachment points rather than concentrating stress on plastic clips. In other words, the durability you pay for directly translates to compliance confidence and your cat's safety during the most demanding travel segments.
Common Problems with Inadequate Carrier Designs
Pet owners who select carriers based on price or convenience alone frequently encounter preventable disasters. Understanding these failure modes helps justify investment in a genuinely it rather than accepting false economy.
Door escape represents the most common catastrophic failure. Single-latch plastic doors, particularly on soft-sided carriers, can be manipulated by determined cats or fail under stress. The Amazon Basics Sturdy Portable 2-Door Top-Load Hard-Sided Pet Travel Carrier prevents this through dual steel wire doors with independent locking mechanisms—escape requires overcoming both physical barriers simultaneously.
Structural collapse during transport creates scenarios where cats are crushed, escape, or experience trauma from shifting cargo. Hard-sided carriers maintain their protective envelope regardless of external pressure, while soft alternatives may compress to the point of restricting breathing or causing panic.
Hardware fatigue from repeated assembly and disassembly, causing screws to strip or plastic threads to fail
Ventilation blockage when soft carriers compress against seatbacks or other luggage
Handle failure under dynamic loads, dropping the carrier and shocking or injuring occupants
Base separation when top and bottom halves disconnect during handling, particularly with snap-fit designs
The psychological damage from carrier-associated trauma extends far beyond individual trips. Cats who experience escape attempts, confinement failures, or transport accidents develop lasting aversions that make future veterinary care and travel nearly impossible. This behavioral legacy often costs far more in behavioral modification than quality carrier investment would have required.
Think of it as insurance against future problems: the carrier that performs flawlessly during your cat's first international journey establishes positive associations that pay dividends across their lifetime. Cheap carriers that fail even once can create phobias requiring years of patient counter-conditioning to overcome.
Selecting the optimal one requires systematic evaluation across multiple criteria. Our assessment methodology, developed through testing at Cats Luv Us Boarding Hotel, focuses on the factors that determine real-world performance.
Weight capacity versus actual fit demands honest assessment. Manufacturers specify maximum weights, but comfortable travel requires additional space for position changes and stress reduction. For example, a 12-pound cat travels more comfortably in a carrier rated for 15-20 pounds than at the absolute limit of its capacity. The Petmate Dog Crates for Small Dogs & Cat Carriers accommodates this reality with proportional dimensions that don't sacrifice stability for space.
Material quality indicators include:
Wall thickness—quality carriers use 3-4mm minimum plastic that resists flexing
Door gauge—steel wire should exceed 3mm diameter for claw resistance
Hardware metallurgy—stainless or zinc-coated steel prevents corrosion from accidents or humidity
Handle integration—molded or through-bolted handles outperform surface-mounted alternatives
The Petmate Top Load Plastic Cat Kennel for Small Dogs, Puppies & Cat Carriers demonstrates thoughtful material selection with its sturdy construction that maintains integrity through temperature variations encountered during international travel. From cargo hold cold to tarmac heat, quality plastics resist brittleness and warping that compromise lesser carriers.
Door configuration options deserve particular attention. Pure top-entry designs limit flexibility, while dual-door models like the Amazon Basics carrier provide contingency when one access method proves impractical. For instance, overhead compartments may prevent top-loading during certain aircraft configurations, making front-door alternatives essential.
Simply put, the best evaluation combines specification review with hands-on assessment of assembly quality, hardware security, and intuitive operation under stress conditions.
Professional Tips for Carrier Introduction and Training
Even the finest this option requires proper introduction to fulfill its potential. Carrier training transforms travel from traumatic necessity to accepted routine, building positive associations that last throughout your cat's life.
Gradual exposure begins with environmental integration. Rather than storing the carrier until travel day, position it as permanent furniture in your cat's preferred territory. Leave doors open, place familiar bedding inside, and occasionally deliver treats or meals within the enclosure. The SportPet X-Large Hard-Sided Travel Cat Carrier with its wide side-opening door particularly suits this approach, as cats can explore without committing to full entry.
Progressive confinement training follows this sequence:
Week 1-2: Open carrier availability with positive reinforcement for voluntary approach
Week 3-4: Brief door closure (seconds) with immediate release and reward
Week 5-6: Extended confinement (minutes) with carrier stationary
Week 7-8: Carrier movement while occupied, graduating to vehicle exposure
Week 9+: Simulated travel conditions including handling and environmental changes
Top-entry specific techniques the reduced confrontation inherent in vertical placement. Practice lowering your cat gently while supporting their chest, allowing them to feel security rather than falling. The Petmate Top Load model's convenient carry handle on top facilitates this technique, providing stable hand positioning during the transition.
Veterinary visit rehearsal prevents the negative associations that poison carrier acceptance. Schedule practice visits where your cat experiences only positive interactions—weighing, treats, and return home—without the stress of examination or procedures. Many cats who panic at the veterinary door have learned to associate the carrier with negative experiences that could have been prevented through systematic counter-conditioning.
For international travel specifically, extend training to include longer confinement periods matching your anticipated journey duration. Cats can adapt to remarkable durations when conditioning prepares them psychologically.
Safety Considerations for Multi-Modal Transportation
International journeys typically involve multiple transportation modes—personal vehicle, airport shuttle, aircraft, and destination ground transport—each presenting distinct challenges for the product selection and use.
Automotive safety requires restraint beyond simple carrier placement. Unsecured carriers become lethal projectiles during sudden stops or collisions. The structural integrity of hard-sided models like the DUMOS 23" Hard-Sided Pet Carrier provides protection, but proper securing using seatbelts through handle loops or dedicated pet restraint systems prevents dangerous movement.
Aircraft-specific considerations include:
Cabin versus cargo placement—in-cabin carriers face stricter size limits but eliminate temperature and pressure extremes
Security screening protocols—cats must be removed from carriers for X-ray examination, requiring harness and leash preparation
Boarding and deplaning handling—carriers experience significant G-forces and vibration during these phases
Connection logistics—extended layovers may require temporary relief from confinement
The reinforced design of premium carriers becomes particularly critical during aircraft loading, where baggage handling systems subject containers to compression, impact, and orientation changes. While we always recommend cabin travel when possible, cargo-hold transport demands maximum durability that soft carriers cannot provide.
Temperature management extends carrier selection considerations. Hard-sided models with adequate ventilation but limited thermal insulation require complementary strategies—frozen water bottles wrapped in towels for cooling, or microwaved rice socks for warming, placed outside but adjacent to the carrier walls. Never direct these thermal sources at your cat, as temperature regulation during travel stress differs from normal conditions.
For example, a cat traveling from temperate origin to tropical destination may experience dangerous heat stress despite carrier adequacy if environmental management fails. Planning for these transitions distinguishes prepared travelers from those relying on equipment alone.
Alternatives and Complementary Solutions to Consider
While this guide focuses on top entry solutions, understanding alternatives ensures you've selected optimally for your specific situation. Our related coverage explores options that may complement or substitute depending on your needs.
Expandable carriers address the space limitation inherent to airline-approved dimensions. Our analysis of premium expandable cat carriers reveals how these designs offer expanded living space during stationary periods while compressing for transport. However, the soft-sided construction that enables expansion compromises the structural security that top-entry hard carriers provide.
Multi-cat households face additional complexity. Individual carriers generally prove safer than shared accommodation, but space constraints may necessitate alternatives. Our examination of foldable cat carriers for multi-cat homes and durable options for multi-cat homes provides guidance for these challenging scenarios.
Escape-proof specialization addresses the most determined feline Houdinis. Our dedicated coverage of top-entry escape-proof carriers examines additional security features for cats who treat confinement as puzzle-solving challenges. These designs incorporate reinforced latches, overlapping door frames, and reduced gap tolerances that standard carriers omit.
Comfort enhancements complement structural durability. Our review of washable carriers with cushions demonstrates how removable bedding transforms hard-sided shells into inviting spaces. The Petmate Top Load Plastic Cat Kennel accepts aftermarket cushioning that maintains the security benefits of hard construction while addressing the comfort limitations that concern some owners.
Crash-tested alternatives represent the ultimate safety investment. For vehicle-dominant travel, our analysis of premium crash-tested carriers examines models subjected to actual collision simulation rather than theoretical engineering. These specialized carriers often sacrifice airline compliance for automotive protection, making them complementary rather than substitutive for international travel needs.
Simply put, the durable cat carrier with top entry category represents the optimal compromise for most international travelers—sufficient structural integrity for diverse transportation modes while maintaining regulatory compliance and feline psychological welfare.
Our Verdict: Selecting Your Ideal Top-Entry Carrier
After evaluation of available options, our recommendations reflect the intersection of structural integrity, feline welfare, and practical usability that defines excellence in this category. The Amazon Basics Sturdy Portable 2-Door Top-Load Hard-Sided Pet Travel Carrier emerges as our primary recommendation for most households, delivering professional-grade durability at accessible investment levels.
Selection priorities should follow this hierarchy:
Safety architecture first—hard-sided construction with steel wire doors and screw-fastened assembly
Entry flexibility second—dual-door configuration accommodating diverse situations
Travel compliance fourth—airline dimensions and ventilation standards
Convenience features fifth—handle ergonomics, cleaning accessibility, and storage efficiency
The Petmate family of carriers demonstrates how established manufacturers iterate toward optimal designs through decades of veterinary and consumer feedback. Their Two-Door and Top Load models represent evolutionary improvements that reward brand loyalty with proven reliability.
For exceptional cases—particularly large cats, severe anxiety, or escape artistry—the SportPet and DUMOS alternatives provide specialized solutions worth their premium positioning. The SportPet's patented wide side-opening door and the DUMOS's reinforced buckle system address specific failure modes that standard designs cannot overcome.
Investment in quality it construction pays returns across your cat's lifetime. Veterinary visits, emergency evacuations, relocation, and leisure travel all become manageable rather than traumatic when founded on equipment you can trust absolutely. The false economy of inadequate carriers reveals itself in behavioral problems, escape incidents, and premature replacement that quality selection prevents.
Your cat depends on your judgment in this critical equipment decision. Choose with the seriousness that responsibility demands.
Frequently Asked Questions About durable cat carrier with top entry
Why is a top-entry carrier better than front-entry for cats?
Top-entry carriers reduce feline stress by eliminating the confrontational geometry of front-loading designs. Cats naturally resist being pushed toward narrow openings, but accept vertical lowering into secure spaces. This approach minimizes defensive reactions, reduces escape attempts, and allows easier placement of reluctant or anxious cats. Veterinarians specifically recommend top-entry configurations because they enable examination and treatment access without requiring full removal from the carrier, maintaining security boundaries that calm defensive cats. The vertical entry also prevents the backing-out behavior common with front-door resistance.
How do I know if a carrier is truly airline approved for international travel?
Airline approval requires verification against your specific carrier's pet policy, as regulations vary by destination and change frequently. Generally approved features include hard-sided construction, secure metal hardware, ventilation on multiple sides totaling 16%+ surface area, and dimensions fitting under-seat or cargo specifications. The carrier must prevent escape through any opening and maintain structural integrity during handling. Contact your airline's cargo or special services department with your exact carrier model for written confirmation before travel day. International destinations may impose additional requirements including health documentation and quarantine protocols independent of carrier specifications.
Can I use a top-entry carrier for a cat who hates all carriers?
Top-entry designs often succeed where front-entry carriers fail because they change the psychological dynamic of confinement. However, carrier acceptance requires systematic training regardless of design quality. Begin with environmental integration—permanent carrier presence with positive associations—followed by gradual confinement conditioning. For severely carrier-averse cats, consult a certified feline behavior consultant who can design desensitization protocols addressing your specific situation. The reduced confrontation of top-entry placement provides a foundation for rehabilitation, but patient training remains essential for cats with established negative associations.
What weight capacity should I choose for my cat?
Select carriers with rated capacity 20-30% above your cat's actual weight to ensure comfortable positioning and stress-free travel. A 12-pound cat travels best in carriers rated for 15-20 pounds, providing space for natural posture changes and reducing compression anxiety. Maximum capacity ratings indicate structural limits, not comfort optimization—cats at weight limits experience restricted movement that amplifies travel stress. Consider your cat's body type as well; long or stocky cats may need larger carriers than weight alone suggests. When between sizes, choose larger capacity with appropriate airline dimension compliance.
How do I clean and maintain a hard-sided top-entry carrier?
Hard-sided carriers offer superior cleaning accessibility compared to soft alternatives. Disassemble completely by removing screws separating top and bottom halves, then wash all surfaces with mild pet-safe detergent and warm water. Steel wire doors may be removed for thorough cleaning of tracks and latch mechanisms. Allow complete air drying before reassembly to prevent mold and odor development. Regular maintenance includes inspecting screw threads for wear, checking door alignment, and verifying latch security. Replace any hardware showing corrosion or fatigue immediately—compromised security components create escape risks that proper maintenance prevents.
Conclusion
A durable cat carrier with top entry represents essential equipment for safe, humane feline travel. Our top pick, the Amazon Basics Sturdy Portable 2-Door Top-Load Hard-Sided Pet Travel Carrier, delivers the security and convenience that international travel demands. Begin your carrier introduction training today—your cat's future comfort depends on preparation starting now.